3,030 research outputs found
On the Convergence Speed of Spatially Coupled LDPC Ensembles
Spatially coupled low-density parity-check codes show an outstanding
performance under the low-complexity belief propagation (BP) decoding
algorithm. They exhibit a peculiar convergence phenomenon above the BP
threshold of the underlying non-coupled ensemble, with a wave-like convergence
propagating through the spatial dimension of the graph, allowing to approach
the MAP threshold. We focus on this particularly interesting regime in between
the BP and MAP thresholds.
On the binary erasure channel, it has been proved that the information
propagates with a constant speed toward the successful decoding solution. We
derive an upper bound on the propagation speed, only depending on the basic
parameters of the spatially coupled code ensemble such as degree distribution
and the coupling factor . We illustrate the convergence speed of different
code ensembles by simulation results, and show how optimizing degree profiles
helps to speed up the convergence.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Massive MIMO: How many antennas do we need?
We consider a multicell MIMO uplink channel where each base station (BS) is
equipped with a large number of antennas N. The BSs are assumed to estimate
their channels based on pilot sequences sent by the user terminals (UTs).
Recent work has shown that, as N grows infinitely large, (i) the simplest form
of user detection, i.e., the matched filter (MF), becomes optimal, (ii) the
transmit power per UT can be made arbitrarily small, (iii) the system
performance is limited by pilot contamination. The aim of this paper is to
assess to which extent the above conclusions hold true for large, but finite N.
In particular, we derive how many antennas per UT are needed to achieve \eta %
of the ultimate performance. We then study how much can be gained through more
sophisticated minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detection and how many more
antennas are needed with the MF to achieve the same performance. Our analysis
relies on novel results from random matrix theory which allow us to derive
tight approximations of achievable rates with a class of linear receivers.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, to be presented at the Allerton Conference on
Communication, Control and Computing, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, US, Sep.
201
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China’s rise in a liberal world order in transition – introduction to the FORUM
In a time of great uncertainty about the future and resilience of the liberal world order this Forum focuses on China’s rise and interplay with the foundations of that liberal order. The key question is the extent to and variegated ways in which China - with its (re)ascendance to power and potential global leadership – is adapting to and perhaps even strengthening liberal institutions and rules of the game, confronting them, or developing alternative paths. In this introduction to the Forum we advance three key points based on the contributions. First, contrasting the orthodox binary scenarios of either inevitable conflict or co-optation offered in the mainstream IR debate, the Forum highlights the possibility of a third scenario of China’s interplay with the liberal world and its key actors, institutions, and rules. A hybrid and variegated scenario that entails both conflict and adaptation, differently entangled in different issue areas. Second, it stresses the need to conceptualize and empirically comprise the essentially interlinked nature of domestic state-society models and the global political economy. Third, we argue for a perspective that incorporates underlying economic and social structures and the power relations embedded therein
The generation of metabolic energy in bacteria:the energy recycling model
The electrochemical proton-gradient plays a central role in bacterial metabolism. ... Zie: Summar
Projections of Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Protected Areas: Palau, the Great Barrier Reef, and the Bering Sea
Climate change substantially impacts ecological systems. Marine species are
shifting their distribution because of climate change towards colder waters,
potentially compromising the benefits of currently established Marine Protected
Areas (MPAs). Therefore, we demonstrate how three case study regions will be
impacted by warming ocean waters to prepare stakeholders to understand how the
fisheries around the MPAs is predicted to change. We chose the case studies to
focus on large scale MPAs in i) a cold, polar region, ii) a tropical region
near the equator, and iii) a tropical region farther from the equator. We
quantify the biological impacts of shifts in species distribution due to
climate change for fishing communities that depend on the Palau National Marine
Sanctuary, the Great Barrier Reef Marine National Park Zone, and the North
Bering Sea Research Area MPAs. We find that fisheries sectors will be impacted
differently in different regions and show that all three regions can be
supported by this methodology for decision making that joins sector income and
species diversity
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